The COVID-19 outbreak is poised to cause major migration shifts across the U.S. According to a recent report by Pew Research Center, 22% of U.S. adults changed their residence or knew someone who did because of the pandemic. This represents a stark reversal from the longstanding trend of Americans staying put and could have far-reaching effects on local populations and economies.

Prior to COVID-19, geographic mobility in the U.S. reached historic lows. Data from the Census Bureau shows that between 2018 and 2019, only 9% of Americans changed their address. By contrast, the geographic mobility rate hovered around 20% throughout the 1950s and 1960s before beginning its decline. Among those who did move in 2019, roughly six in 10 people moved within the same county, with far fewer moving across county or state lines.

Despite the overall drop in mobility, people who moved in 2019 were more likely to do so for work-related reasons than in years past. For example, between 2018 and 2019, 12.1% of movers indicated that a new job or job transfer was their primary reason for moving, compared to 9.5% in 1999. Similarly, the percentage of people who moved in 2019 to reduce their commute was 6.2%, a rate two times higher than that reported 20 years ago.

These mobility trends are likely to reverse course sharply in the wake of COVID-19, especially as more companies allow for remote work. The new Pew Research data suggests that people have moved as much in 2020 already as all of 2019. Among those who moved, some of the main reasons were to reduce their risk of infection, to return home after college campuses closed, to be with family, and to cope with job loss and other financial problems.

A recent Harris poll found that because of the outbreak, 39% of urban dwellers are considering a permanent move to less crowded places, such as the suburbs or rural areas. The combination of lower population densities, lower living costs, and the shift to remote work is making less urbanized areas an increasingly attractive option.

As the need to live in close proximity to work has shifted for many Americans, more affordable housing is a particularly strong draw for residents looking to move. To find the most and least expensive locations to sign a new rental agreement, researchers at HireAHelper, a marketplace for local moving companies, analyzed median rental prices and wage statistics across the United States. Using this data, HireAHelper calculated how many hours the typical renter would need to work to sign a new rental agreement. For this calculation, the researchers assumed that a renter would need to pay three months of rent up front (i.e., first month’s rent, last month’s rent, and a security deposit).

For example, the national median cost of a two-bedroom rental is $1,293 and the median wage is $19.14 per hour. This means that a typical renter would need to have $3,879 saved to sign the rental agreement, which would require 203 hours of work.

States in the Northeast and West Coast tend to require the greatest number of hours to sign a rental agreement, especially California (284 hours), Massachusetts (239 hours), and New York (236 hours). By contrast, states in the Midwest and Northwest require the fewest hours, like Wyoming (141 hours), Iowa (136 hours), and North Dakota (128 hours).

As with the state-level data, more densely populated metropolitan areas in the Northeast, the West Coast, and Florida tend to be the most expensive, while less densely populated areas in the Midwest tend to offer new residents more affordable housing options. Of the 15 most affordable metro areas for new renters, six were located in Ohio. Conversely, of the 15 most expensive locations, six were located in California and four in Florida. Notably, the average number of hours needed to sign a new rental agreement across the 15 most expensive metropolitan areas (284 hours) was approximately two times higher than the average among the 15 least expensive metros (143 hours).

The analysis found that in Texas, prospective renters need to work 188 hours in order to sign a rental agreement, compared to the national average of 203 hours. Here is a summary of the data for Texas:

Hours of work needed to sign a rental agreement: 188

First month’s rent + last month’s rent + security deposit: $3,429

Median 2-bedroom monthly rent: $1,143

Median hourly wage: $18.28

For reference, here are the statistics for the entire United States:

Hours of work needed to sign a rental agreement: 203

First month’s rent + last month’s rent + security deposit: $3,879

Median 2-bedroom monthly rent: $1,293

Median hourly wage: $19.14

For more information, a detailed methodology, and complete results, you can find the original report on HireAHelper’s website: https://www.hireahelper.com/lifestyle/hours-needed-to-sign-a-rental-agreement